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This chapter was written for a book designed as a foundational entry point to International Relations theory. To understand Marxism in International Relations, we need to grasp the basic elements of Marx’s innovations regarding the... more
This chapter was written for a book designed as a foundational entry point to International Relations theory. To understand Marxism in International Relations, we need to grasp the basic elements of Marx’s innovations regarding the origins and functioning of capitalism. In addition, we must understand that those origins and functioning can simultaneously happen at the domestic and international level. Combining these tasks leads to arguably the most important contribution Marxism offers to IR: that the capitalist mode of production and the modern sovereign states system (that emerged roughly at the same time) are not natural or inevitable events. They are interdependent products of particular historical conditions and social relations. The work of Marxists is to map and retrace those conditions and social relations and to figure out how the capitalist mode of production and the sovereign states system emerged – as two sides of the same coin, as different coins or maybe as different currencies. Debates on the degree of interdependence between these two major historical phenomena may be ongoing, but Marxism’s achievement in IR has been to stop us from thinking about them separately.
This chapter revisits the early modern history of extraterritoriality through the angle of the social origins of diplomatic actors and the transition to agrarian capitalism in England. Doing so breaks down the classic elitist and... more
This chapter revisits the early modern history of extraterritoriality through the angle of the social origins of diplomatic actors and the transition to agrarian capitalism in England. Doing so breaks down the classic elitist and institutionally narrow history of diplomacy, which equates extraterritoriality with ambassadorial immunity and the emergence of embassy chapels in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By focusing on class and social structures, this chapter provides a more ‘entangled’ and contested—rather than linear and homogeneous—history of extraterritoriality and its ambassadorial origins in the early modern period. Its analysis reveals important divergences between France and England in regard to their strategies of territorialisation and use of diplomats linked to their respective social property relations. For example, the rising gentry in England and the use of 'MP diplomats' is linked to the emergence of agrarian capitalism, while the rise of the aristocracy in diplomatic posts and the mix of personal and territorial sovereignty in French embassies under Louis XIV display the regime's tactics of collaboration. Therefore, new historical and sociological avenues to research early modern extraterritoriality are opened up so as to recover how various doctrines of extraterritoriality were shaped by various social groups and different jurisdictional strategies.
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This article reviews Alex Anievas and Kerem Nişancıoğlu's How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism (2014). It argues that the book offers a stimulating and ambitious approach to solve the problems of Eurocentrism... more
This article reviews Alex Anievas and Kerem Nişancıoğlu's How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism (2014). It argues that the book offers a stimulating and ambitious approach to solve the problems of Eurocentrism and the origins of capitalism in growing critical scholarship in historical sociology and International Relations. However, by focusing on the 'problem of the international' and proposing a 'single unified theory' based on uneven and combined development, the authors present a history of international relations that trades off methodological openness and legal complexity for a structural and exclusive consequentialism driven by anti-Eurocentrism. By misrepresenting the concept of social-property relations in terms of the internal/external fallacy, and by confusing different types of 'internalism' required by early modern jurisdictional struggles, the book problematically conflates histories of international law and capitalism. These methodological problems are contextualised by examples from the Spanish, French and British empires' conceptions of sovereignty and jurisdiction and their significant legal actors and processes.
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Anxieties regarding colonial and neoliberal education have generated multiple calls for critical international pedagogies. Scholars of critical pedagogy have analyzed the pedagogies of the neoliberal project, whose ethos and economic... more
Anxieties regarding colonial and neoliberal education have generated multiple calls for critical international pedagogies. Scholars of critical pedagogy have analyzed the pedagogies of the neoliberal project, whose ethos and economic imperatives aim to produce apolitical consumers and future citizens. Such calls, this article argues, articulate a concern about other-regardedness, critiquing the impact of neoliberalism on the cultivation of student values and relations towards politics, society, and others. How can we articulate a critical international pedagogy informed by, and enhancing, students' and future citizens' other-regardedness towards those " superfluous " and " disposable " others outside the classroom and the formal curriculum? To this end, we mobilize Michel Foucault's thinking of " counter-conduct " to illuminate how students resist being conducted as self-interested and apolitical consumers. Such practices remain largely unexplored in examinations of recent student protests and occupations. Examining the 2005 occupation of a French university against the local government's abandonment of asylum-seekers, we discuss students' own processes of social participation and self-formation, thus exploring the possibilities and tensions for advancing a critical and other-regarding pedagogy. Greater attention to students resisting the historically blind and market-driven rationalities and techniques of governing-inside and outside classrooms and curricula-marks an important point of departure for critical pedagogies of the international.
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In memoriam of the late Ellen Meiksins Wood, this piece firstly remembers the main achievements of her forty years of work. Secondly, it introduces one of her contributions, ‘Britain versus France: How Many Sonderwegs?’, until now... more
In memoriam of the late Ellen Meiksins Wood, this piece firstly remembers the main achievements of her forty years of work. Secondly, it introduces one of her contributions, ‘Britain versus France: How Many Sonderwegs?’, until now unavailable in an anglophone publication and reprinted in the present issue. This contribution is a useful reformulation of her arguments concerning radical historicity, the concept of ‘bourgeois revolution’, and the specificity of French and British state formation and their political revolutions – in contrast to arguments for a German Sonderweg as an explanation for the rise of fascism. Wood also provides a fruitful illustration of how to apply a social-property relations approach to the development of the rule of law in each of these states, and thus furthers opportunities for debates on the potential of Political Marxism for understanding contemporary class struggles over rights.
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Deploying the Foucauldian concepts of 'conduct' and 'counter-conduct', this article provides an analysis of 'Occupy Sussex' – a two-month long student occupation launched in opposition to the outsourcing of service staff at the University... more
Deploying the Foucauldian concepts of 'conduct' and 'counter-conduct', this article provides an analysis of 'Occupy Sussex' – a two-month long student occupation launched in opposition to the outsourcing of service staff at the University of Sussex. Situated in the context of a post-Fordist political economy, we argue that the British university constitutes an especial site of conduct formation – a University Factory – wherein individuals are sorted and socialised as immaterial labourers. We argue that Occupy Sussex was a reaction to such conduct formation. As such counter-conduct is deployed as concept that can effectively map the tactics and strategies undertaken by Occupy Sussex against the university management. Moreover, counter-conduct is used in order to trace prefigurative attempts to redefine the university within the space of the occupation – away from the University Factory, toward collective self-management, alternative understandings of the 'university experience', and an emergent notion of 'community'. Finally, the use of counter-conduct serves to highlight the dangers of appropriation and co-optation; how university management attempted to co-opt and thus defuse the counter-conduct of Occupy Sussex.
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This is a blog post, report and video of an event organised at Oxford Brookes University on 17 February 2017 on 'Uncomfortable Pedagogy: decolonising and diversifying the curriculum in Politics, IR, and Sociology'. Speakers included... more
This is a blog post, report and video of an event organised at Oxford Brookes University on 17 February 2017 on 'Uncomfortable Pedagogy: decolonising and diversifying the curriculum in Politics, IR, and Sociology'. Speakers included students and writers of colour sharing their experiences and thoughts on the topic, and others involved in decolonising and diversifying initiatives.
Report and analysis of Black Lives Matter movement in San Francisco and the Bay Area, December 2014, following a demonstration and interview of organisers. Reflects on changes in tactics and on new social identities and solidarities... more
Report and analysis of Black Lives Matter movement in San Francisco and the Bay Area, December 2014, following a demonstration and interview of organisers. Reflects on changes in tactics and on new social identities and solidarities linked to queer struggles.
Anxieties regarding colonial and neoliberal education have generated multiple calls for critical international pedagogies. Scholars of critical pedagogy have analyzed the pedagogies of the neoliberal project, whose ethos and economic... more
Anxieties regarding colonial and neoliberal education have generated multiple calls for critical international pedagogies. Scholars of critical pedagogy have analyzed the pedagogies of the neoliberal project, whose ethos and economic imperatives aim to produce apolitical consumers and future citizens. Such calls, this article argues, articulate a concern about other-regardedness, critiquing the impact of neoliberalism on the cultivation of student values and relations towards politics, society, and others. How can we articulate a critical international pedagogy informed by, and enhancing, students' and future citizens' other-regardedness towards those " superfluous " and " disposable " others outside the classroom and the formal curriculum? To this end, we mobilize Michel Foucault's thinking of " counter-conduct " to illuminate how students resist being conducted as self-interested and apolitical consumers. Such practices remain largely unexplored in examinations of recent student protests and occupations. Examining the 2005 occupation of a French university against the local government's abandonment of asylum-seekers, we discuss students' own processes of social participation and self-formation, thus exploring the possibilities and tensions for advancing a critical and other-regarding pedagogy. Greater attention to students resisting the historically blind and market-driven rationalities and techniques of governing-inside and outside classrooms and curricula-marks an important point of departure for critical pedagogies of the international.
Research Interests:
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WORKSHOP: 'The Space of Biopolitics.' Tuesday, 04th July 2017, 11:00 to 16:00 Oxford Brookes University - The Green Room, Headington Hill Hall, Headington Campus, Headington Hill site.... more
WORKSHOP: 'The Space of Biopolitics.'

Tuesday, 04th July 2017, 11:00 to 16:00

Oxford Brookes University - The Green Room, Headington Hill Hall, Headington Campus, Headington Hill site.

http://www.brookes.ac.uk/HSS/Events/-The-Space-of-Biopolitics%E2%80%8B--Symposium/

"Our contemporary world is witness to spatial re-configurations on an unprecedented scale: the enforcement of borders and internment camps, the displacement of populations on a scale not seen since the world wars. Towns and cities creak and groan under the pressures of outdated infrastructure, regional inequalities increase societal tensions and create new forms of politics, and the individual biological body is increasingly forced into precarious forms of existence.

The workshop seeks to interrogate the ‘space’ of this amorphous, and yet discrete, subject of biopolitics that shapes our current world from the perspectives of the Anthropocene, jurisdiction, urban design, or atmospheric living, among others, and drawing on varying academic backgrounds such as law, architecture, politics, and philosophy."

There is no registration required and the event is open to all. A full programme is yet to be confirmed.

clloyd@brookes.ac.uk
akotsakis@brookes.ac.uk
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The book is concerned with a specific legal concept and device, the practice of so-called early modern extraterritoriality, which lies at the intersection of early modern empires, law and capital. Classic IR literature associates this... more
The book is concerned with a specific legal concept and device, the practice of so-called early modern extraterritoriality, which lies at the intersection of early modern empires, law and capital. Classic IR literature associates this practice with the emergence of ambassadorial privileges roughly from the sixteenth century onwards, and describes it as playing a key role in explaining the emergence of modernity, sovereignty and territoriality. This role has not been sufficiently debated. In contrast, the framework developed in this book emphasises the role of social property relations in affecting the changing social origins and privileges of ambassadors and other diplomatic actors. These are determining in both contexts of the European transitions to capitalism and contrasting imperial strategies emerging from the continent. Thus, social property relations reveal another facet of the history of extraterritoriality and modern territoriality, identified as jurisdictional accumulation.
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The Research Handbook on Law and Marxism will be the first large-scale edited collection of its kind on specifically Marxist approaches to law and legal theory. It will bring together thirty-six scholars from a variety of disciplinary... more
The Research Handbook on Law and Marxism will be the first large-scale edited collection of its kind on specifically Marxist approaches to law and legal theory. It will bring together thirty-six scholars from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds.
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Questions of legal extraterritoriality figure prominently in scholarship on legal pluralism, transnational legal studies, international investment law, international human rights law, state responsibility under international law, and a... more
Questions of legal extraterritoriality figure prominently in scholarship on legal pluralism, transnational legal studies, international investment law, international human rights law, state responsibility under international law, and a large number of other areas. Yet many accounts of extraterritoriality make little effort to grapple with its thorny conceptual history, shifting theoretical valence, and complex political roots and ramifications.

This book brings together thirteen scholars of law, history, and politics in order to reconsider the history, theory, and contemporary relevance of legal extraterritoriality. Situating questions of extraterritoriality in a set of broader investigations into state-building, imperialist rivalry, capitalist expansion, and human rights protection, it tracks the multiple meanings and functions of a distinct and far-reaching mode of legal authority. The fundamental aim of the volume is to examine the different geographical contexts in which extraterritorial regimes have developed, the political and economic pressures in response to which such regimes have grown, the highly uneven distributions of extraterritorial privilege that have resulted from these processes, and the complex theoretical quandaries to which this type of privilege has given rise.

The volume is edited by Daniel S. Margolies (Professor of History, Virginia Wesleyan University), Umut Özsu (Assistant Professor of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University), Maïa Pal (Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Oxford Brookes University), and Ntina Tzouvala (Postdoctoral Fellow in International Law, University of Melbourne).

Contributors include Ellen Gutterman (Associate Professor of Political Science at Glendon College, York University), John Haskell (Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Manchester), Richard S. Horowitz (Professor of History, California State University, Northridge), Daniel S. Margolies (Professor of History, Virginia Wesleyan University), Kate Miles (Fellow and Lecturer in Law, Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge), Maïa Pal (Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Oxford Brookes University), Alice M. Panepinto (Lecturer in Law, Queen’s University Belfast), Austen L. Parrish (Dean and James H. Rudy Professor of Law, Indiana University), Sara L. Seck (Associate Professor of Law, Dalhousie University), Péter D. Szigeti (Assistant Professor of Law, University of Alberta), Mai Taha (Assistant Professor of Law, American University in Cairo), Ntina Tzouvala (Postdoctoral Fellow in International Law, University of Melbourne), and Ezgi Yildiz (Postdoctoral Researcher in Political Science and International Relations, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva).
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